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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apoptose-Inhibitoren</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Apoptose-Inhibitoren</b> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a> <i>Inhibitors of apoptosis protein, IAP</i>) sind eine Familie von <a href="Protein" title="Protein">Proteinen</a>, die erstmals bei <a href="Baculovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baculovirus">Baculoviren</a> entdeckt wurden und als <a href="Endogen" title="Endogen">endogene</a> <a href="Inhibitor" title="Inhibitor">Inhibitoren</a> für die <a href="Apoptose" title="Apoptose">Apoptose</a> (<a href="Programmierter_Zelltod" title="Programmierter Zelltod">programmierter Zelltod</a>) wirken.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2></div>
<p>IAP-<a href="Genetischer_Code" title="Genetischer Code">codierende</a> Sequenzen wurden erstmals 1993 im Genom von Baculoviren entdeckt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass IAPs an der Unterdrückung des Zelltodes von Baculovirus-infizierten Wirtszellen beteiligt sind. Seitdem wurden viele weitere IAP-Vertreter in unterschiedlichen Spezies gefunden. Diesen IAPs gemein ist das Vorhandensein von mindestens einer BIR-Domäne (<i>Baculovirus IAP repeat</i>), die aus etwa 70 <a href="Aminos%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminosäure">Aminosäuren</a> besteht und für die Hemmung der Apoptose verantwortlich ist.<sup id="cite_ref-hhud_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhud-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_IAP-Familie">Die IAP-Familie</h2></div>
<p>Die humane IAP-Familie umfasst derzeit acht Proteine.<sup id="cite_ref-weikert_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weikert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<ul><li>Die drei IAPs <i>XIAP</i>, <i>c-IAP-1</i> und <i>c-IAP-2</i> inhibieren direkt die <a href="Caspase" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspase">Caspasen</a>-3, -7 und die Procaspase-9<sup id="cite_ref-Deveraux_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deveraux-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Survivin" title="Survivin">Survivin</a> inhibiert die Caspasen-3, -7 und -9.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>c-IAP-1</i> und <i>c-IAP-2</i> sind in die Signaltransduktion von membranständigen Rezeptoren, beispielsweise TNF-Rezeptor 2 (TNFR2) Komplex, involviert.<sup id="cite_ref-hhud_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhud-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>ILP2</i>, <i>ML-IAP</i>, <i>NAIP</i> und <i>BRUCE</i> sind weitere IAPs.<sup id="cite_ref-Deveraux_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deveraux-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weikert_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weikert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auswirkungen">Auswirkungen</h2></div>
<p>Tumorzellen steigern mit Hilfe der Apoptose-Inhibierung ihre <a href="Vitalit%C3%A4t" title="Vitalität">Vitalität</a> und werden so gegenüber <a href="Krebsimmuntherapie" title="Krebsimmuntherapie">immunologischen</a> und <a href="Zytostatikum" title="Zytostatikum">zytotoxischen</a> <a href="Therapie" title="Therapie">Therapien</a> <a href="Resistenz" title="Resistenz">resistent</a>. Das Fehlen der Caspaseaktivität führt zu einer erhöhten Resistenz gegenüber der Apoptoseinduktion.
Transformierte Zellen überexprimieren lediglich <a href="Survivin" title="Survivin">Survivin</a> und ML-IAP.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survivin ist dabei am häufigsten tumorspezifisch exprimierte IAP. Dies macht es zum interessantesten Mitglied dieser Proteinfamilie und zu einem wichtigen Untersuchungsobjekt der Onkologie.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hhud_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhud-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. J. Birnbaum, R. J. Clem, L. K. Miller: <i>An apoptosis-inhibiting gene from a nuclear polyhedrosis virus encoding a polypeptide with Cys/His sequence motifs.</i> In: <i>Journal of virology</i> Band 68, Nummer 4, April 1994, S.&nbsp;2521–2528, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220022-538X%22&amp;key=cql">0022-538X</a></span></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8139034?dopt=Abstract">PMID 8139034</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC236730/">PMC&nbsp;236730</a> (freier Volltext). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/reprint/68/4/2521.pdf">PDF</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. E. Crook, R. J. Clem, L. K. Miller: <i>An apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif.</i> In: <i>Journal of virology</i> Band 67, Nummer 4, April 1993, S.&nbsp;2168–2174, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220022-538X%22&amp;key=cql">0022-538X</a></span></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8445726?dopt=Abstract">PMID 8445726</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC240327/">PMC&nbsp;240327</a> (freier Volltext). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/reprint/67/4/2168.pdf">PDF</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hhud-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hhud_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hhud_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hhud_3-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Müller: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docserv.uni-duesseldorf.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-2827/827.pdf"><i>Survivin und seine alternativen Spleißvarianten: Untersuchungen zu ihrer Bedeutung für eine Zytostatika-induzierte Apoptose und ihren molekularen Interaktionspartnern.</i></a> (PDF; 1,8&nbsp;MB) Dissertation, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, 2004.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-weikert-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-weikert_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-weikert_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Weikert: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2007/11/Kapitel1.pdf"><i>Der Apoptose-Inhibitor Survivin: Ein Tumormarker mit dem Expressionsprofil eines Cancer/Testis-Antigens.</i></a> Habilitation, FU Berlin, 2007</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Deveraux-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deveraux_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deveraux_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Q. L. Deveraux, J. C. Reed: <i>IAP family proteins–suppressors of apoptosis.</i> In: <i>Genes &amp; development</i> Band 13, Nummer 3, Februar 1999, S.&nbsp;239–252, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220890-9369%22&amp;key=cql">0890-9369</a></span></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9990849?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9990849</a>. (Review). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/reprint/13/3/239.pdf">PDF</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Tamm, Y. Wang, E. Sausville, D. A. Scudiero, N. Vigna, T. Oltersdorf, J. C. Reed: <i>IAP-family protein survivin inhibits caspase activity and apoptosis induced by Fas (CD95), Bax, caspases, and anticancer drugs.</i> In: <i><a href="Cancer_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer research">Cancer research</a></i> Band 58, Nummer 23, Dezember 1998, S.&nbsp;5315–5320, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220008-5472%22&amp;key=cql">0008-5472</a></span></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9850056?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9850056</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/58/23/5315.pdf">PDF</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Li-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Li_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Li_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Li, E. J. Ackermann, C. F. Bennett, A. L. Rothermel, J. Plescia, S. Tognin, A. Villa, P. C. Marchisio, D. C. Altieri: <i>Pleiotropic cell-division defects and apoptosis induced by interference with survivin function.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature_cell_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature cell biology">Nature cell biology</a></i> Band 1, Nummer 8, Dezember 1999, S.&nbsp;461–466, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221465-7392%22&amp;key=cql">1465-7392</a></span></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10587640?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10587640</a>. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. P. Banks, J. Plescia, D. C. Altieri, J. Chen, S. H. Rosenberg, H. Zhang, S. C. Ng: <i>Survivin does not inhibit caspase-3 activity.</i> In: <i><a href="Blood_(Zeitschrift)" title="Blood (Zeitschrift)">Blood</a></i> Band 96, Nummer 12, Dezember 2000, S.&nbsp;4002–4003, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220006-4971%22&amp;key=cql">0006-4971</a></span></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11186274?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11186274</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. A. Verdecia, H. Huang, E. Dutil, D. A. Kaiser, T. Hunter, J. P. Noel: <i>Structure of the human anti-apoptotic protein survivin reveals a dimeric arrangement.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature_Structural_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Structural Biology">Nature Structural Biology</a></i> Band 7, Nummer 7, Juli 2000, S.&nbsp;602–608, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221072-8368%22&amp;key=cql">1072-8368</a></span></span>. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/76838">10.1038/76838</a></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10876248?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10876248</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Shin, B. J. Sung, Y. S. Cho, H. J. Kim, N. C. Ha, J. I. Hwang, C. W. Chung, Y. K. Jung, B. H. Oh: <i>An anti-apoptotic protein human survivin is a direct inhibitor of caspase-3 and -7.</i> In: <i><a href="Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></i> Band 40, Nummer 4, Januar 2001, S.&nbsp;1117–1123, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220006-2960%22&amp;key=cql">0006-2960</a></span></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11170436?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11170436</a>. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Vucic, H. R. Stennicke, M. T. Pisabarro, G. S. Salvesen, V. M. Dixit: <i>ML-IAP, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis that is preferentially expressed in human melanomas.</i> In: <i>Current biology&nbsp;: CB</i> Band 10, Nummer 21, November 2000, S.&nbsp;1359–1366, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220960-9822%22&amp;key=cql">0960-9822</a></span></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11084335?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11084335</a>. </span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. C. Altieri: <i>Cytokinesis, apoptosis and survivin: three for tango?</i> In: <i>Cell death and differentiation</i> Band 8, Nummer 1, Januar 2001, S.&nbsp;4–5, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221350-9047%22&amp;key=cql">1350-9047</a></span></span>. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4400795">10.1038/sj.cdd.4400795</a></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313697?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11313697</a>. </span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. C. Altieri: <i>Survivin, versatile modulation of cell division and apoptosis in cancer.</i> In: <i><a href="Oncogene" title="Oncogene">Oncogene</a></i> Band 22, Nummer 53, November 2003, S.&nbsp;8581–8589, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220950-9232%22&amp;key=cql">0950-9232</a></span></span>. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207113">10.1038/sj.onc.1207113</a></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14634620?dopt=Abstract">PMID 14634620</a>. (Review).</span>
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